Von 1986-1988 wurden im Forschungsprojekt "Öffnung des Berufsspektrums für junge Frauen der Bergischen Region" im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Wissenschaft Berufseinmündung und Berufsverlauf in sechs atypischen Berufen untersucht. Einer davon war der der Speditionskauffrau. 68 weibliche und 95 männliche Auszubildende dieses Berufes im ersten und dritten Lehrjahr wurden zur Ausbildungsmotivation, zum Ausbildungsverlauf, zu ihren beruflichen Zukunftsplänen und zu ihren Erwartungen an den Beruf befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß schon die Motivation und Interessen differieren, mit denen junge Frauen und junge Männer die Ausbildung aufnehmen, daß sich die Unterschiede in Interessen und Aufgabenwahrnehmung während der Ausbildung vertiefen und schließlich mit dem ersten Arbeitseinsatz nach der Ausbildung Weichen für die weiteren Berufsperspektiven gestellt werden. Trotz der ursprünglichen Präferenz von speditionellen Tätigkeiten der Frachtabfertigung und Frachtorganisation entscheiden sich die jungen Frauen dann eher für den Arbeitsplatz in kaufmännischen oder Verwaltungsabteilungen - vermutlich schon im Hinblick auf die spätere Vereinbarkeit der Berufsausübung mit Aufgaben in der Familie. Längerfristig wird die Ausbildung zur Speditionskauffrau mehr als eine von mehreren möglichen kaufmännischen Erstausbildungen gesehen und eventuell auf eine breitere Verwertbarkeit hin ausgebaut, weniger als spezifische Ausbildung für den Spediteurberuf.
Der Beitrag berichtet über Zielsetzung und erste Ergebnisse eines Modellversuchs der Umschulung von Frauen gemeinsam mit Männern in die Berufe Energiegeräteelektroniker/-in, Informationselektroniker/-in, Kommunikationselektroniker/-in und Industrieelektroniker/-in, Fachrichtung Gerätetechnik.
In den industriellen Metall- und Elektroberufen ist die Umstellung auf die neuen Ausbildungsgänge bereits nahezu abgeschlossen. Wie die Daten der Berufsbildungstatistik zeigen, haben 1988, dem zweiten Jahr des Geltens der Ausbildungsordnungen, über 90 % der Auszubildenden Verträge in den neuen Berufen erhalten. Dies ist um so bemerkenswerter, als den Betrieben auch für 1988 noch eine Übergangsfrist eingeräumt worden war. Die Befürchtung, daß vor allem kleine Betriebe die Umstellung soweit wie möglich hinausschieben würden, hat sich somit nicht bestätigt.
Gender-atypical VET could have the potential to reduce gender segregation on the labour market and to lessen gender-specific inequalities. Nevertheless, studies indicate poorer utilisation prospects of such training qualifications. In order to examine these more closely, this article identifies challenges people face in their later employment trajectory if they opted for training in an occupation dominated by the other gender. The basis is provided by interviews with people who have left their gender-atypical training occupation and on expert interviews.
A sharp decline in female participation in the dual vocational system pursuant to the Vocational Training Act (BBiG) or the Crafts and Trades Regulation Code (HwO) has been evident since the start of the 1990s. By 2019, the number of women as a proportion of all trainees had fallen by five percentage points. In the area of responsibility of trade and industry, it was even the case that a decline of just under eight percentage points was recorded. What impact is this having on developments in occupational structure? This article uses the Vocational Education and Training Statistics to illustrate how the ratio of occupations dominated by men or by women has shifted over the past three decades. It also investigates which differences in training success may emerge as a result of such an unequal distribution of the genders.
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Stephanie Conein; Heike Krämer; Inga Schad-Dankwart
The question of how to increase the proportion of women in STEM occupations has been discussed for many years. Frequently, however, no distinction is drawn between individual STEM occupations. Closer examination reveals differences. Whereas some of the occupations actually do display a very low proportion of women, female representation in other STEM occupations is even above 50 percent. What makes some of these occupations attractive to women? And why are other occupations still rarely chosen despite having similar contents? These questions were investigated as part of the BIBB project “Women choose STEM”.
Occupations with a very high proportion of women are designated as female-dominated occupations. Wages in female-dominated occupations are on average lower than in typical male-dominated occupations and in mixed occupations not dominated by women. Whether this average income-reducing effect of female-dominated occupations differs across educational levels and across occupational fields has not yet been analysed and forms the focus of the present article. Using the 2018 BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey, we first investigate whether the effect of female-dominated occupations is different for the group of employed persons with a vocational education and training (VET) degree than for the whole group of employed persons with all educational levels. Second, by focusing on employed persons with a VET degree, we analyse whether all female occupations are poorly paid or whether any differences arise depending on the specific field of the female-dominated occupation.
In July 2021, the Federal Employment Agency published an announcement stating that more than one million employees are now aged over 67.* Employment at an older age is becoming increasingly normal, albeit for different reasons. It is revealed that older women are particularly likely to have a lower income. It is also more probable that they will be affected by poverty. The present article investigates how gender-specific life histories structure the transition to retirement and looks at the influence exerted by level of education..
Professional knowledge is ageing ever more quickly in the course of the digital shift, and continuing vocational training measures are becoming increasingly significant in terms of preparing the labour force for new and/or altered task requirements. The extent to which occupations typically exercised by men are affected differently to occupations in which women are in the majority remains unclear at present. This article conducts an investigation at the level of occupational groups in order to discover whether there is any evidence of a gender-specific risk of being affected by digital substitution processes and whether the previous continuing training behaviour displayed by the labour force has been adapted to digital structural change.
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